XLRI - Xavier School of Management, Jamshedpur

The XLRI-Xavier School of Management, located in the industrial heart of Jamshedpur, represents a unique intersection of academic rigor, Jesuit values, and industrial heritage. Established in 1949, it stands as India's oldest business school, founded not merely as a center for vocational training but as a proactive partner in the developmental journey of an independent nation. The institution was the brainchild of Father Quinn Enright, S.J., whose vision was centered on the concept of "Renewing the face of the earth". This foundational philosophy has evolved over seven decades into the spirit of "Magis"—the pursuit of the greater good through excellence—shaping XLRI into a globally recognized hub for management education.

Historical Evolution and Philosophical Foundations

The genesis of XLRI in 1949 occurred in the Steel City of Jamshedpur, a location chosen for its proximity to India's burgeoning industrial infrastructure. Father Quinn Enright, S.J., collaborated with N.J. Haley, the then General Manager of TISCO, to form a core committee that included union leader Michael John and several technical experts. This partnership between the Jesuit mission and industrial leadership was unprecedented, as the school initially operated out of the Boulevard Hotel in Bistupur, teaching labor laws, collective bargaining, and trade unionism to workers and executives. The early curriculum was designed to foster industrial harmony during a critical period of national reconstruction.

By 1953, the institute launched a two-year, day program in Industrial Relations and Welfare, which later transitioned into the flagship Human Resource Management (HRM) program. The institution’s physical footprint expanded as classes moved to Loyola School in 1956, and the first batch graduated in 1958. The inauguration of the present campus in 1962 by President V.V. Giri marked a milestone in its quest for autonomy and specialized infrastructure. Subsequent decades saw the introduction of a three-year evening program in Business Management in 1965 and the full-time two-year Business Management (BM) program in 1968, cementing XLRI's status as a comprehensive business school.

Milestones in the Institutional Journey

The institution has recently expanded beyond its Jamshedpur roots, establishing a strategic campus in Delhi-NCR to meet the rising demand for responsible business leaders in the fifth-largest economy in the world. This expansion is not merely geographical but reflects a deep-seated commitment to the Jesuit legacy of providing education that inspires future leaders to address unmet societal needs through technological fluency and ethical conduct.

Academic Program Architecture and Pedagogy

The academic portfolio at XLRI is distinguished by its blend of traditional management principles and responsive, future-oriented curricula. All programs are designed to integrate theoretical learning with real-life management challenges through case studies, research methodologies, and simulation games.

Flagship Postgraduate Programs

The two-year full-time Postgraduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) remains the cornerstone of XLRI’s academic excellence. These programs follow a trimester system, with each year consisting of three terms of 10-12 weeks, followed by end-term examinations and a mandatory summer internship for first-year students.

The HRM program is recognized as the oldest and most prestigious of its kind in India. It equips students with skills in human resource planning, compensation administration, and fostering harmonious employer-employee relationships within the framework of state regulations. The Business Management (BM) program, launched in 1968, focuses on conceptual and analytical understanding of global and Indian business, offering specializations in Finance, Marketing, Operations, and Strategy.

For experienced professionals, XLRI offers the General Management Program (PGDM-GM), an 18-month full-time residential course for executives with a minimum of five years of work experience. This program includes six months of field-based training and is designed to accelerate the transition to senior leadership roles.

Specialized and Emerging Domains

The Delhi-NCR campus offers a specialized PGDM in Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Venture Creation (IEV), which combines management education with structured incubation support for aspiring founders. Additionally, the institute has introduced a PGDM in Logistics and Supply Chain Management (LSCM) to address the growing complexity of global value chains.

Program Portfolio Summary

Pedagogical Methodology

The teaching environment at XLRI is characterized by an "open-door" culture and a diverse combination of instructional methods. Beyond traditional classroom lectures, students engage in group work, role plays, and industrial visits. The use of simulation games and audio-visual tools is common, as is the focus on dissertation and project work that requires students to tackle real-world business problems. A unique feature of the curriculum is the "Village Exposure Programme," which takes students to rural areas to develop social awareness and an understanding of the grassroots economy.

Admission Process and Selection Mechanics

Admission to XLRI is a multi-stage, highly competitive process designed to identify candidates with high cognitive ability and leadership potential. The institution considers entrance exam performance, academic background, and professional achievements.

The Xavier Aptitude Test (XAT)

XAT is the primary national-level entrance exam conducted by XLRI. It includes sections on Verbal Ability & Logical Reasoning (VA-LR), Decision Making (DM), and Quantitative Ability (QA). The Decision Making section is a hallmark of the XAT, testing a candidate's ability to navigate complex business and ethical dilemmas, mirroring the school's focus on responsible leadership.

For the 2025 cycle, the overall percentile requirements for the General category were set to ensure a highly selective intake.

Sectional cutoffs typically range between 75 and 85 percentile across the core domains of QA, VALR, and DM.

Alternative Pathways: GMAT and GRE

For the General Management Program (GMP) and for international, NRI, and OCI candidates, XLRI accepts GMAT and GRE scores. A competitive GMAT score is generally considered to be 700+ or a GMAT Focus score of 695. For executive programs, a minimum of five years of full-time, post-graduation managerial work experience is mandatory.

Final Selection Weightage

The selection committee employs a holistic evaluation framework. While the entrance score is the most significant factor, the final merit list factors in interview performance and candidate profile.

The interview process is particularly rigorous, evaluating candidates on their personality, general awareness, and ethical orientation. For the Fellow Programme in Management (FPM), the school uses the XSET (Xavier School of Management Eligibility Test) as an additional screening layer.

Infrastructure: A Modern Nexus for Learning

The Jamshedpur campus spans 50 acres and provides a world-class academic and residential environment. The infrastructure is designed to facilitate the school's pedagogical shift towards digital immersion and experiential learning.

Academic Facilities and Specialized Labs

The learning center features eight air-conditioned amphitheater-style classrooms, each seating 70 students and equipped with multimedia presentation support and closed-circuit recording for lecture play-back.

• Behavioural Lab: An interdisciplinary research hub dedicated to the study of human behavior. It is equipped with advanced tools including an Eye Tracker, EEG (electroencephalogram), Automated Emotion Reader, and a video lab. This facility is used by faculty and research scholars to conduct experiments in organizational behavior and consumer psychology.

• Finance Lab: A dedicated space for market research and financial analysis, providing students with access to statistical tools and real-time market data through platforms like Bloomberg and EIKON.

• Computer Center: Powered by late-model IBM, Sun Microsystems, and HP servers, the campus features a GIGABIT fiber backbone and 200+ workstations to support high-speed data processing and academic research.

The Sir Jehangir Ghandy Library

The library, named in honor of the first Chairman of the Board of Governors in 1972, serves as the heart of the institution. It focuses on collecting literature predominantly related to labor relations and management.

The library is fully automated using RFID tags and Tattle tape for self-checkout, and the "MyLOFT" app provides students with off-site access to the complete digital ecosystem.

Residential and Living Spaces

XLRI is a fully residential institution, a feature that fosters a vibrant campus culture and inter-student debate.

• Hostels: There are several residence blocks including Fr. Arrupe Hall (the iconic old hostel), Enright Men's Residence (established in 1969), and the modern Thomas Men's Residence with a large atrium and common rooms. Separate hostels are provided for women, such as the Nilima Acharji and Mother Teresa residences.

• Dining and Wellness: The campus features four separate dining halls offering hygienic and sustainable meals. Medical support is provided through a 24x7 on-campus infirmary with visiting doctors and full-time nurses, supplemented by access to the nearby 850-bed Tata Main Hospital.

• Auditoriums: The Tata Auditorium is a grand, multi-purpose hall seating 1,500 people, hosting major events like the Ethics Oration and Ensemble performances.

Research, Centers of Excellence, and Faculty Contributions

XLRI is globally recognized for its research in topics such as supply chain management and behavioral science. The institution’s faculty members frequently serve as advisors to government agencies and corporate boards.

Specialized Research Centers

Research at XLRI is conducted through several dedicated centers that bridge the gap between academic theory and societal impact.

• Centre of AI Research and Application (CARA): Promotes studies on the strategic value of AI in the business ecosystem and the dynamics of human-AI collaboration.

• Fr Arrupe Centre for Ecology and Sustainability (FACES): Conducts research on ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) imperatives, climate change, and corporate stance on net-zero goals.

• Centre for Experiential and Gamified Experiences (EDGE): Explores innovation in pedagogy through gamification and immersive learning experiences.

• Case Research and Simulation Development Centre: Dedicated to creating high-quality, indigenous management cases that reflect the intricacies of the Indian business environment.

Research Impact and Academic Journals

The institution has 241 authors who have published 544 publications, receiving over 6,700 citations. Research themes often explore the linkage between managerial ties and firm performance, blockchain adoption in supply chain management, and psychological empowerment in the workforce.

The school publishes the peer-reviewed journal Management and Labour Studies (MLS), which has been in circulation for five decades and continues to shape national discourse on future-of-work policies. Faculty research highlights from 2024-2025 include meta-analyses of analytics capabilities on operational performance and the role of generative AI in manufacturing investment decisions.

Performance Metrics of Key Research Faculty

International Collaborations and Global Student Mobility

XLRI maintains a robust global outlook, having been among the first Indian B-schools to internationalize its curriculum. The International Student Exchange Program (ISEP) manages partnerships with prestigious institutions in Europe, North America, Asia, and Oceania.

International Dual Degree Specializations

In 2026, XLRI launched nine international specialization tracks for the PGDM (BM) program in collaboration with top-tier global universities. Under these tracks, students spend their first year at XLRI and their second year at a partner university abroad, earning two degrees: an XLRI PGDM and an MS/MBA from the partner institution.

Global Exchange Partners

XLRI has signed MOUs for student and faculty exchange with over 30 partners globally. Notable partners include ESADE in Spain, EM Lyon and Audencia Nantes in France, University of Münster in Germany, and the Asian Institute of Management in Manila. In 2017, the school hosted 6 foreign students and sent 53 XLRI students to 11 business schools across 8 countries.

Entrepreneurship, Incubation, and Innovation Cell

Entrepreneurship is fostered at XLRI through both academic programs and dedicated infrastructure for venture support.

XCEED: The Startup Incubator

The XLRI Council for Entrepreneurship Excellence and Development (XCEED) serves as the primary startup incubator, providing mentorship, funding connections, and access to MBA talent.

• Incubation Models: XCEED offers both physical and virtual incubation, allowing startups to leverage institutional resources without being physically present in Jamshedpur or Delhi.

• Startup Engagement: Startups can participate in "Live Projects," where XLRI students work on real business challenges to provide research and strategic recommendations.

• Mentorship and Funding: The incubator is led by experts like Dr. Sunil Kumar Sarangi, who has mentored over 5,000 entrepreneurs. It maintains a network of investors and VCs to help promising ventures raise capital.

XCITE: Focus on Rural Innovation

In partnership with NABARD, XLRI established the XLRI Centre for Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship (XCITE). This center is specifically aimed at promoting sustainable entrepreneurship in rural and semi-rural regions.

• Regional Mandate: XCITE supports entrepreneurs across 12 states in Eastern and North-Eastern India, including Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal.

• Agribusiness Focus: The center nurtures early-stage ventures in agribusiness and allied non-farm sectors that have high potential for regional employment generation.

E-Cell Activities

The student-led Entrepreneurship Cell (E-Cell) organizes events like the "XES – XLRI Entrepreneurship Summit" and "Navishkar," a large-scale young innovators initiative. For younger minds, the "Future Leadership Program (FLP)" offers experiential workshops for school students to explore leadership and startup challenges.

Employability and Corporate Relations

The placement record of XLRI is a direct reflection of its academic strength and industry integration. The institute consistently achieves 100% placement with industry-leading salary statistics.

Placement Highlights for 2025 and 2024

The 2025 final recruitment process saw participation from 145 recruiting organizations, including 25 new partners.

Sector-wise Turnout and Top Recruiters

Recruitment is well-distributed across several high-growth domains. Consulting emerged as the top segment in 2025, offering roles to 26%-36% of the cohort.

• Consulting: Key recruiters include McKinsey & Company, Bain & Company, Boston Consulting Group (BCG), Accenture Strategy, and Deloitte.

• BFSI: Constitutes 18%-22% of the roles, with participation from Goldman Sachs, J.P. Morgan Chase & Co., and Kotak Mahindra Bank.

• Sales & Marketing: Contributes 12%-18% of roles, with recruiters like HUL, P&G, ITC, Asian Paints, and Mondelez.

• IT, E-commerce, and Tech: Robust recruitment in Product Management and Analytics from firms like Amazon, Google, Microsoft, Flipkart, and Ola.

Summer internships for the 2025 batch also showed strength, with the highest stipend reaching INR 3.5 lakhs per month and an average of INR 1.6 lakhs per month. Notably, 42.5% of the 2024-25 batch received Pre-Placement Offers (PPOs) based on their internship performance.

Funding, Scholarships, and the Endowment Fund

XLRI ensures that financial constraints do not hinder talent through a robust financial aid ecosystem consisting of merit-based, need-based, and corporate-sponsored scholarships.

Major Scholarship Programs

Financial support ranges from INR 20,000 to INR 5,00,000 per annum.

Government-sponsored schemes also provide support, with aid ranging from INR 2,62,640 for SC students to INR 3,36,000 for ST students per year.

The XLRI Endowment Fund (XEF)

Established by the alumni, the XEF mission is to support institutional strategic priorities, including infrastructure development (the new campus), creating chair professorships, and supporting global research. The fund empowers a legacy of impact by channeling contributions into initiatives that enhance academic excellence and sustain social outreach.

Alumni Base and Industry Impact

The XLRI alumni network, comprising over 20,000 professionals, is one of the most influential in the global management landscape. The "XL Family" is known for its sense of caring and sharing, which translates into strong professional support for graduates.

Distinguished Alumni

The alumni list includes prominent business leaders, policymakers, and academics.

• Corporate Leadership: Leena Nair (Global CEO, Chanel), Sandeep Bakhshi (CEO & MD, ICICI Bank), Vineet Nayar (Former CEO, HCL Technologies), Rakesh Kapoor (Former CEO, Reckitt Benckiser), and B. Muthuraman (Former Vice-chairman, Tata Steel).

• Government and Public Service: Vikram Misri (Foreign Secretary of India), Arun Maira (Former member of Planning Commission and former Chairman of BCG India), and Sanjay Jha (National Spokesperson for Congress).

• Academia and Arts: Hayagreeva Rao (Professor at Stanford GSB), Akash Khurana (Actor), and Abhijit Bhaduri (Author and former CLO at Wipro).

Alumni contribute significantly back to the school through the XEF and by participating in various on-campus mentorship and placement preparation initiatives.

Educational Standing and Rankings

XLRI consistently features among the top management institutions in India, maintaining a leading position among private B-schools.

IIRF Rankings and Parameters

In 2024, the International Institutional Ranking Framework (IIRF) ranked XLRI as the #1 private B-school in India. The high ranking is a result of exceptional performance across several quality parameters.

Other National and Global Standings

The institute’s ability to maintain a top-10 NIRF rank alongside much larger government-funded institutions (IIMs) highlights its efficiency and academic reputation.

Departments and Administrative Structure

The school is organized into several functional areas, each overseeing specific academic and research domains.

Academic Departments (Areas)

1. Human Resource Management: Focuses on labor law, industrial relations, and talent development.

2. Finance: Covers investment banking, portfolio management, and corporate finance.

3. Economics: Provides the foundation for understanding national and international markets.

4. Strategic Management: Focuses on organizational growth and long-term sustainability.

5. Marketing: Explores consumer behavior, digital marketing, and sales strategies.

6. Production, Operations & Decision Sciences (PODS): Focuses on supply chain, analytics, and operational efficiency.

7. General Management: Includes Communication, Ethics, Law, and Public Policy.

8. Organizational Behaviour: Explores human dynamics and psychological empowerment in the workplace.

9. Information Systems: Manages research into technological transformation and analytics.

Institutional Governance

XLRI is governed by a Board of Governors that includes captains of industry and senior Jesuit administrators.

• Chairman: T.V. Narendran, CEO & Managing Director of Tata Steel Ltd.

• Director (Jamshedpur): Fr. S. George, S.J..

• Director (Delhi-NCR): Fr. K.S. Casimir, S.J. (Vice Chancellor, XIMU) or Fr. Nelson A. D'Silva, S.J. (Acting).

• Dean Academics (Jamshedpur): Dr. Sanjay Patro.

• Dean Academics (Delhi-NCR): Dr. Munish Kumar Thakur.

The organizational structure includes several specialized committees, such as the Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC), the Committee Against Sexual Harassment, and the Student Wellbeing Committee, ensuring a holistic and safe environment for all stakeholders.

XLRI-Xavier School of Management represents a distinctive model of excellence in the Indian educational landscape. By integrating the rigorous academic standards of a premier business school with the social mission and ethical foundation of the Jesuit tradition, it produces leaders who are not only competent but also socially responsible. Its strategic expansion to the Delhi-NCR campus, the establishment of centers like CARA and XCITE, and its world-class placement performance ensure that it remains at the forefront of management education in an increasingly digital and globalized economy. Through its vibrant alumni network and commitment to the spirit of "Magis," XLRI continues to fulfill its founding vision of renewing the face of the earth through the power of responsible management.

FAQs

1. When was XLRI established?

XLRI was founded in 1949, making it India's oldest management institute.

2. Who founded XLRI?

The institute was established by Fr. Quinn Enright, S.J., in Jamshedpur.

3. What is the philosophical foundation of XLRI?

The institution is guided by the Jesuit spirit of "Magis"—a quest for excellence for the greater good.

4. Where are the XLRI campuses located?

The main campus is in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, and a second campus is located in Delhi-NCR (Jhajjar).

5. Is XLRI a private or government institution?

XLRI is a private management school and is consistently ranked as the top private B-school in India.

6. What are the flagship programs offered by XLRI?

The flagship programs are the two-year full-time Postgraduate Diploma in Management (PGDM) in Business Management (BM) and Human Resource Management (HRM).

7. What is the significance of the HRM program at XLRI?

Launched in 1953, it is the oldest and most prestigious HRM program in the Asia-Pacific region.

8. Does XLRI offer a program for experienced professionals?

Yes, it offers the PGDM (General Management), an 18-month full-time residential program for executives with at least five years of work experience.

9. What is the Fellow Programme in Management (FPM)?

The FPM is a four-year full-time residential doctoral program designed to train scholars for careers in research and teaching.

10. Does XLRI offer online or blended learning programs?

Yes, XLRI offers two-year blended PGDM programs in Business Management, HRM, and Finance for working professionals.

11. Are there specialized programs for entrepreneurs?

XLRI Delhi-NCR offers a specialized PGDM in Innovation, Entrepreneurship & Venture Creation (IEV).

12. What are the major areas of specialization available?

Major areas include Economics, Finance, HRM, Information Systems, Marketing, Organizational Behaviour, Production Operations & Decision Sciences, and Strategic Management.

13. Which entrance exam is primarily used for XLRI admissions?

The Xavier Aptitude Test (XAT) is the primary entrance exam conducted by XLRI for its postgraduate programs.

14. Does XLRI accept CAT scores?

No, XLRI does not accept CAT scores; it considers XAT, GMAT, or GRE scores depending on the program and candidate category.

15. What was the XAT 2025 cutoff for the PGDM (BM) program?

The overall cutoff was approximately 96 percentile for Male Engineers and 91 percentile for Female Engineers.

16. What is the eligibility criteria for the PGDM (BM/HRM) programs?

Candidates must hold a recognized three-year bachelor's degree in any discipline. Final-year students are also eligible to apply if they complete their exams by June.

17. What is the selection weightage for the final merit list?

The typical weightage is 60% for XAT scores, 25% for GD/PI performance, and 15% for the candidate's academic profile, work experience, and GK.

18. Can international candidates apply using GMAT scores?

Yes, NRI, Foreign, and OCI candidates can apply to the flagship programs using GMAT or XAT scores.

19. What is the minimum work experience required for the PGDM (GM)?

A minimum of five years of full-time, post-graduation managerial or professional work experience is mandatory.

20. Is there an age limit for the PGDM (GM) program?

Applicants must generally be at least 25 years old by March 31st of the admission year.

21. What was the average package for the 2025 placement cycle?

The average package for the PGDM (BM/HRM) cohort was INR 31.08 LPA.

22. What was the highest international package offered in 2025?

The highest international salary package stood at INR 1.10 Crore per annum.

23. What was the highest domestic package offered in 2025?

The highest domestic offer reached INR 75 LPA.

24. Which sectors are the top recruiters at XLRI?

Consulting is the top sector (36% of roles), followed by BFSI (18%), and Sales & Marketing (12%).

25. What percentage of students received Pre-Placement Offers (PPOs)?

Approximately 42.5% of the 2024-25 batch received PPOs based on their summer internships.

26. What is the average stipend for summer internships?

The average stipend for the 2025 internship cycle was approximately INR 1.6 lakhs per month.

27. How large is the XLRI Jamshedpur campus?

The Jamshedpur campus spans approximately 50 acres.

28. Is XLRI a residential campus?

Yes, XLRI is a fully residential institution, providing separate hostel blocks for men and women.

29. What is the Sir Jehangir Ghandy Library?

Established in 1949, it is the central library housing over 70,000 print books and 28,000+ e-books, focused on management and labor relations.

30. Does XLRI have specialized research labs?

Yes, it features a Behavioural Lab for studying human behavior and a Finance Lab equipped with Bloomberg and EIKON terminals.

31. What is the seating capacity of the Tata Auditorium?

The Tata Auditorium is a grand multi-purpose hall that can seat approximately 1,500 people.

32. What medical facilities are available on campus?

The campus has an infirmary with visiting doctors and 24x7 nurses, and students have access to the nearby 850-bed Tata Main Hospital.

33. What is ISEP?

ISEP stands for the International Student Exchange Program, which manages partnerships with universities globally for student and faculty exchange.

34. Does XLRI offer international dual degree tracks?

Yes, XLRI has launched dual degree tracks where students spend their second year at partner universities like George Washington University, Rutgers, and Syracuse (USA) or IAE Paris Sorbonne (France).

35. What are the benefits of the US-based dual degree tracks?

Many of these tracks (like Business Analytics and Healthcare Analytics) are STEM-designated, allowing students to apply for a three-year OPT work permit in the US.

36. Which prestigious global universities are XLRI’s exchange partners?

Partners include ESADE (Spain), EM Lyon (France), University of Münster (Germany), and the Asian Institute of Management (Philippines).

37. What is XCEED?

XCEED is XLRI’s startup incubator that provides mentorship, funding connections, and access to MBA talent for startups.

38. What is XCITE?

XCITE (XLRI Centre for Innovation, Technology and Entrepreneurship) is a rural business incubation center supported by NABARD for ventures in agribusiness and rural sectors.

39. Can external startups apply to XCEED?

Yes, XCEED is open to startups led by students, alumni, and faculty, offering both physical and virtual incubation.

40. What is the E-Cell at XLRI?

The Entrepreneurship Cell (E-Cell) is a student-run body that promotes the entrepreneurial ecosystem through events like the XLRI Entrepreneurship Summit (XES).

41. What is XLRI’s rank in the IIRF 2024?

XLRI was ranked as the #1 private B-school in India by IIRF 2024.

42. Where does XLRI stand in the NIRF 2024 rankings?

XLRI was ranked 9th overall among all management institutions in India by NIRF 2024.

43. What is XLRI’s global standing?

It was ranked 65th globally for Masters in Management by the Financial Times in 2024 and 33rd in Asia by QS Global MBA Ranking 2024.

44. Does XLRI provide financial assistance?

Yes, XLRI offers over 20 scholarships, ranging from INR 20,000 to INR 5,00,000 per annum, based on merit and need.

45. Name some major scholarships available at XLRI.

Key scholarships include the Aditya Birla Scholarship, Mirae Asset Foundation Scholarship, and the IDFC First Bank Scholarship.

46. Are there specific scholarships for SC/ST students?

Yes, Government of India scholarships provide financial aid ranging from INR 2.62 lakhs to INR 3.36 lakhs per year for eligible SC/ST students.

47. How large is the XLRI alumni network?

The XLRI alumni base exceeds 20,000 professionals globally.

48. Who are some of the most notable alumni?

Notable alumni include Leena Nair (CEO, Chanel), Sandeep Bakhshi (CEO, ICICI Bank), and Vikram Misri (Foreign Secretary of India).

49. Who is the current Chairman of the Board of Governors?

T.V. Narendran, the CEO and MD of Tata Steel Ltd., serves as the Chairman.

50. What is the XLRI Endowment Fund (XEF)?

XEF is a fund established by alumni to support institutional growth, scholarships, global research, and infrastructure projects.